The dynamics of foreign policy changes in Europe are influenced by various internal and external factors. In this context, the main focus is on political, economic developments and security challenges facing European countries. European foreign policy is often influenced by cooperation between countries as well as relations with global powers such as the United States and China. One of the main focuses in European foreign policy is efforts to maintain stability in the region. Events such as Brexit demonstrate the complexity of European integration and the far-reaching political impacts across the European Union. European countries must also face the challenge of increasing migration resulting from conflicts in the Middle East and Africa, which requires a cautious diplomatic approach and adaptive foreign policy. Climate change is becoming a dominant factor in European foreign policy. The European Union is committed to the Paris agreement and seeks to lead global initiatives to reduce carbon emissions. Sustainable energy policy is a priority, with a focus on developing renewable energy sources and reducing dependence on fossil fuels, especially from Russia. Russia poses a significant challenge in the context of European foreign policy. The occupation of Crimea and the conflict in Ukraine have prompted European countries to seek new approaches to confronting Moscow. Economic sanctions and containment policies have been a key part of Europe’s response, despite shifts in public opinion demanding further dialogue with Russia. Relations with the US are also experiencing dynamics. During the Trump administration, there were tensions between Europe and the US regarding foreign policy in the Middle East and NATO. However, after a change of leadership, there is an opportunity to restore cooperation. More inclusive security strategies and cooperation on technology and pandemic preparedness are becoming new focal points. In the transatlantic context, European foreign policy is increasingly oriented towards multilateralism. Involvement in international organizations such as the UN and NATO shows Europe’s commitment to working together to address global challenges. Europe is also seeking to assert its strategic independence, by building stronger defense capacities to reduce dependence on US militarism. Changes in global trade patterns also contributed to changes in European foreign policy. New trade deals with Asian and African countries show that Europe is looking for new markets and economic diversification. This is in line with efforts to strengthen Europe’s position in the global supply chain. Cybersecurity and terrorism are other areas to pay attention to. European countries are increasing cooperation in the fields of intelligence and security to protect against digital and physical threats. A foreign policy that is responsive to technological changes and terrorism is vital for maintaining security at the local and international levels. Through a holistic approach, European countries are now seeking to integrate foreign policy with domestic issues, including human rights and social justice. Paying attention to the voice of civil society in foreign policy decision making is becoming increasingly important, for the sake of legitimacy and sustainability of European diplomatic access.
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